Tunnel lining



S. JOHANNESSON TUNNEL LINING Filed Nov. 12, 1926 2 Sheets-Sheet 1ATTORNEYS May 22,- 1928. 1,670,625

' s. JOHANNESSON TUNNEL LINING Filed Nov. 12, 1926 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 v aa BEER? mgig' i l/lllllllllll P INVENTOR f J ATTORNEYs Patented May 22,1928.

mt re slevArm JOHANNESSION,;F'1TEWARK, NEW

'UNNE' LINING.

nular innit consist-s of a plurality of pre cenc fete 'hloclgs which.Inam'if desired, be reinforced w th steel or the ll ie. Tvvo or meremetallic tubes are nserted 1n each concrete block in such manner thatthey are to the axis of the tunnel. 7 These finesse th ts-f l Pu 1f orin a 13mm cf takingthe reaction from the lllgl l lcz 'h n h S i me hod.i ITSQFUI, ei n d oi providing a means 0t connecting the. concreteblocks to the annular unit oftlie-lining previouslyerected. The detailsoit'this connection ma vary, but I have herein described landillustrated What I. now consider the ereit'erred n' ethod ofeonnectiOn'. In its preferred form, theprecast concrete blec k hase;length, nieasured circumferenti ally erolund the l'iningQ Which isinorethan twice as greatas its width, measured in the direction cf theaxis ofthe tunnel. Each concrete block is preferably provided with one or norepipes extendingfroin the out side of thelining into the tunnel andtapped with a Shrew thread. The purpose "of these pipes is" to relieveany Water pressure on the inner lining of cement mortar during theperiod o' f 'sett'ing. These pipes may also he usedfor grouting outsideof the lining.

The precast concrete blocks are so assemle l he 'th tub in ja nt b k regster v ith one another. 'Inother wordsf the ends of the tubes in oneblock are in contact with the ends of the'tubes in the jeining or nextadjacent blocks. The feces of; the'c'cncrete blocks are incentect'lvvith the faces of the adjoining blocks. In the preferredYEormof the invention the inner edges each lolocl; are beveled or cfut'backsoas .to' for-m, when the bloc-ks are as bled, a" sm t 2 11 mm he item p;te e are b'lobkwhen eiicieabr m 1f i't 1,1 le s" 5. 1. 3 j nt 1 1 etche1 imiflsr fsesgsed W th*respe to le e qn's tilsi li j i ts e h j c nt radjoining'niiitQ c 1 Whe ne or nore complete annuler units of'concreteblocks havebeen erected or as sen hled, al' netallicreinforcement isattached to the: i n;1e r,,serfacer. the "assembled blocks I and acogiting of cementniortar is applied over thee'ntii e' innersu'rface oftheassenibled blocks" and extending into and filling the grooves betweenadjoining blocks; The cenient nioitaris Qretera bly blown on by pressure time a'ceInen-t unand may conveniently be the smelle eunitevlining. y The foregoingand other novel features of the inventicn will bebetter understood from the following description taken. in conjunctionwith the accompanyingdrawings in e which I have illustrated What nowconsider the preferred mode of practicing the invention. Tn tliedrawings Fig. 1 is'a cross section (onthe'section line 1 1 of Fig.2) ofacircular tunnel linemhodying the invention.

2 's a sectional elevation i2 9, taken on the section line 2.2*0f Fig.1.

Fig. 31(a crosssec tion on the line 33 of illustrates ny preferred Wayof ICOII'.

necting adjacent annular units ofthe precast l weer-et blocks;

E. 4i is a deteil :endf iew, partly section of the improved lining.

5 is an inside elevation of a precast concrete block ofthe invention.

FigsB-and 7 are secti nal views taken on of the 1m the section lines 6-6 "and 7+7. respectively we, .5- I

The tunnel lining oi the invention, in its mp e e" en pr t r ed rm cmpris s outer primary lin ng xbl lllt up of precast concrete blocks, 10and aninner lining of cenient nio'rtar 11 covering the entire inneruitcas 'tzt r im rylinin The Pr m ete -bl 2l ar a ea t twic a l as theyare Wide. In other Words, each o k "h s l n h meas re .Q F m e -e ie lya und the nin Which s m r t n Wi e as reat esits Wid h, easu ed i h dective Qt the are vi t e u ne I ,The inner edges of eaeh concrete block0- er? hee d (12i70'r "qu b ek site e n; s eeve 3 1 'Qer e the inn rperimeter of ac Mee when th blo ks re ass m led- A pli rel ty f sta edmeta l tubes 1M1? em edde in @391? ecnd t bl -k T ube ii 'siy he Q 5 wefiren, steel, 9. o r

aPQI PQ EQT SQI te ar a a ged sub:

stantially parallel to the axis ofthe tunnel, when the blocks areassembled. Each tube 14- hasa threaded opening '15 near each end thereofand towards the inside of the block andregistering with openings 16 inthe block.

In assembling the precast concrete blocks 10, dowel pins 17, preferablysteel pins, are inserted in one end of the tubes 14. The dowel pins aresecured in position in the tubes by set screws 18. The dowel pins havetwo spaced conical depressions 19 and 20 in which the conical ends ofthe set screws fit. The conical depression 20 is slightly larger thanthe conical depression 19 so as to provide some flexibility and insureproper seating of the set screws. The 'dowelpins 17 extend from the faceof each block 10 gradouter primary lining consists of eight indi--vidual concrete blocks. For purposes of illi.r:'-;t1.'ation the tunnellining may be considered as approximately fifteen fcetin internaldiameter; The circumferential length of the precastjconcrete blocks willbe about six feet, and the width of the blocks (measure'd in thedirection of'the tunnel axis) may conveniently be approximately onefoot. The blocks may be of any appropriate depth or thickness, and inthe specific example here giren, this dimensionmay conveniently be aboutone foot.

The concrete blocks 10 are so assembled that the longitudinal joints ofadjacent annular units are staggered (see Fig. 2). By this arrangement,the individual blocks in each annular unit are fastened together and,with the arrangement of dowel pins described and illustrated, all of'thecement blocks are united in a substantially unitary structure.

When the outer primary winding of pro cast concrete blocks has beenerected to a desired extent, a metallic reinforcement 21 is attached tothe inside surface of this lining.

'Th'is metallic reinforcement may conveniently consist of wire cloth,say two to four inches mesh, or steel wire, say No. 12 gauge,

tied or otherwise appropriately fastened to the headset the set screws18. A layer of cement mortar 11 of appropriate thickness, say about twoinches, is then applied to the inner surface of the primary lining. The

cement mortar is blown on by pressure from a cement gun, and'mayadvantageously be a Gunite lining. The lining of cement mortar fills thegrooves 13 and covers the en tire inner surface of the primary lining toa depth of the desired thickness.

I prefer to provide each'precast concrete block withone or more pipes 22extending from the outside to the inside of the block- The inner ends ofthese pipes are preferably threaded 'to permit the coupling thereto ofgrouting means.

The improved lining of the invention'is generally adapted for tunnelsofall types. In particular, the lining of the invention is suitable fortransportation tunnels such as railway, highway, sewage, andwater'tunnels, as well as for tunnels. for public utility pipes and thelike.

The impro'red tunnel lining of the invention, possesses numerousfeatures of'novelty and advantage both with respect to its ultimatestructure and with respect to its erection, Thus, the novel shape of theprecast concrete blocks, that is, relatively long and relatively narrow,makes it possible to erect the outer primary wlnding (111101113 safelyand in true shape. The llning is capable of resisting bending stressesset up by pressure p of the adjoining soil,'thus making it possible todecrease the thickness of the lining as compared with the heretoforeusual types of concrete block linings, which are capable of resistingonly direct compression stresses.

The inner lining of cement mortar applied under pressure and extendinginto the grooves between the concrete blocks forms a most effectivewaterproofing meansfor the m'imary lining of precast concrete blocks.The pipes extending through the precast concrete blocks form aneiiicient means of relieving the water pressure" when present, so as topermit a proper setting of the cement mortar applied underpressure froma cement gun. The method of connecting the concrete blocks is simple inoperation,

thereby ensuring rapid erection, and is very effective in uniting theblocks in a substanti ally v unitary structure. v

I claim: I l. A sectoi shaped precast concrete .block fortunnel lininghaving at least part of its inside edges beveled, a plurality ofmetallic tubes embedded in the block, certain of saidtubes'extendingaxially with respect to the, tunnel axis, and at least one of said tubeseX-- tending radially with respect to the tunnel axis, each of saidtubes having a threaded opening. 1

block 2. A sector-shaped precast concrete for tunnel lining having acircumferential length greater than twice'the width of the block andhaving at least part of itsinside' edges beveled, aplurality of metallictubes embedded in the block and certain of said let i tubes extendingaxially with respect to the tunnel 'akis. and at last one 'ofsaid tubeseX- tending radially with rcspe'ct'to the tunnel axis each of said tubeshaving a threaded opening toward the inside of the block.

8. A sector-shaped precast concrete block for tunnel lining having acircumferential length greater than twice the width of the block andhaving at least part; of its inside edges beveled, and a plurality ofspaced nietallic tubes embedded in said block, each of said tubes havinga threaded opening near each end thereof registering with openings onthe inside of the block.

4:. A tunnel lining built up of precast concrete blocks, each of saidblocks having a plurality of spaced metallic tubes embedded therein andextending substantially parallel to the axis of the tun'n'eh said blocksbeing so assembled that the tubes in adjacent blocks registerwith oneanother, dowel pins mounted in the registering tubes, and set screws forsecuring the dowel pins inthe tubes.

5. A tunnel lining built up of precast concrete blocks, each of saidblocks having a plurality of spaced metallic tubes embedded therein andeXtending substantially parallel to the axis of the tunnel, each of saidtubes having a threaded opening towards the inside of the blocln saidblocks being so as sembled that the tubes in adjacent blocks registerwith one another, dowel pins mounted in the registering tubes, and setscrews cooperating with said threaded openings for securing the dowelpins in the tubes, said dowel pins having conical depressions in whichthe ends of said set screws tit.

, (i. A tunnel lining of circular co" figuration built up ofsector-shaped precast concrete blocks, each of said blocks havingaplurality of spaced nzetall'ic tubes embedded therein and extendingsubstantially parallel to the axis of the tunnel, each of said tubeshaving a threaded opening near each end thereof and towards'thc insideof the blocl said blocks being so assembled that the tubes in adjacentblocks register with one another, dowel pins mounted in the registeringtubes, and set screws cooperating with said threaded openings forsecuring the dowel pins in the tubes.

7. A tunnel lining comprising an outer primary lining built up ofprecast concrete blocks which have a length greater than twice the widthof the block, each of said blocks having at least part of its insideedges beveled thereby forming grooves in the inner surface of theassembled blocks, an inner lining of cement mortar filling said groovesand covering the inner surface of said primary lining and a metallicreinforcement interpesed betwcen said linings and secured to the primarylining.

8. A tunnel lining of circular configura tion comprising an outerprimary lining 9. A tunnel lining of circular configura- 7 tion'comprising an outer primary lining built up of sector-shaped precastconcrete blocks which have a length greater than twicethe width of theblock,' each of said blocks having at least part of its inside edgesbeveled thereby forming grooves in the inner surface of the assembledbl'ocks, an inner lining of cement inortar filling said grooves andcovering the inner surface of said primary lining, and a metallicreinforcement interposed between said linings and secured to the primarylining.

I 10. A tunnel lining comprising an outer prin'iary lining built up ofprecast concrete blocizs, each of said blocks havinga plurality ofspaced metallic tubes embedded therein and extending substantiallyparallel to the axis of the tunnel, said-blocks being so asscmbled thatthe tubes in adjacent blocks register with one another, "dowel pinsmounted in the registering tubes, set screws for securing the dowel pinsin 'thetubes,' an inner 1 lining of cement mortar covering the inner surfa'ce' of said primary lining, and a metall'ic reinforcement interposedbetween said linings and secured to said set screws.

11. A tunnel lining comp ising an outer primary lining built up ofprecast concrete blocks which have a greater length than twice thewidthof the block, each of said blockshaving a plurality of spaced metallictubes embedded therein and "(intending substantially 'par.allel to theaxis of the tunnel, said blocks being so "assei'nbled that the tubes inadjacent block-s register with one an-- other, each of said blocks alsohaving at least part of its inside edges beveled thereby forming groovesin the inner surface of the assembled blocks, dowel pin-s mounted in theregistering tubes, and an inner lining of coment mortar filling saidgrooves and cov ering the inner surface of said primary lin- 12. Atunnel lining comprising an outer primary lining built up of precastconcrete blocks which have a greater length than twice the width of theblock, each of said blocks having a plurality of spaced metallic tubesembedded therein and extendng substantially parallel to the axis of thetunnel, each of said tubes having a threaded opening towards the insideof the block, said blocks being so assembled that the tubes in adjacentblocks register with one another,

dowel pins mounted in the registering tubes,

set screws cooperating with said threaded openings for securing thedowel pins in the tubes, an inner lining of cement mortar cov ering theinner surface of said primary 1ining, and a metallic reinforcementinterposed between said linings and secured to said set screws.

13. A tunnel lining built up of precast concrete blocks which have alength greater than twice the width of the block, each of said blockshaving a plurality of spaced metallic tubes embedded therein andextending substantially parallel to the axis of the tunnel, said blocksbeing so assembled that the tubes in adjacent blocks register with oneanother, and dowel pins mounted in the registering tubes with one end ofeach of said pins in staggered relation with the corresponding ends ofeach of the circumferentially adjacent pins.

14:. A tunnel lining comprising an outer primary lining built up ofprecast concrete blocks which have a greater length than twice the widthof the block, each of said blocks having a plurality of spaced metallictubes embedded therein and extending substantially parallel to the axisof the tunnel, each of said tubes having a threaded opening towards theinside of the block, said blocks being so assembled that the tubes inadjacent blocks register with one another, each of said block-s alsohaving at least part of its inside edges beveled thereby forming groovesin the inner surface of the assembled blocks, dowel pins mounted in theregistering tubes, set screws cooperating with said threaded openingsfor securing the dowel pins in the tubes, an inner lining of cementmortar filling said grooves and covering the inner surface 'of saidprimary lining, and a metallic reinforcement interposed between saidlinings and secured to said set screws.

15. A tunnel lining of circular configuration comprising an outerprimary lining built up of sector-shaped precast concrete blocks whichhave a greater length than twice athe Width of the block, each of saidblocks having a plurality of spaced metallic tubes embedded therein andextending substantially parallel to the axis of the tunnel,

each of said tubes having a threaded opening near each end thereof andtowards the inside of the block, said blocks being so as-- screwscooperating with said threaded openr ing-s for securing the dowel pinsin the tubes, an inner lining of cement mortar filling said grooves andcovering the inner surface of said primary lining, and a metallicreinforcement, interposed between said linings and secured to said setscrew-s.

16. A tunnel lining comprising an outer primary lining built up ofpre-cast blocks, each of said blocks having a plurality of spacedmetallic tubes embedded therein and extending substantially parallel tothe axis of the tunnel, said blocks being so assembled that the tubes inadjacent blocks register with one another, dowel pins mounted in theregistering tubes, and mean-s in adjacent blocks for fastening eachdowel pin in place.

17. A surface covering comprising interlocking pre-cast elements, eachof said elements having spaced tube-s therein adapted to register whenthe elements are assembled, dowel pins mounted in the registering tubesof adjacent blocks, and means in each adjacent block for fastening eachdowel pin in position to lock said adjacent blocks together. I

In testimony whereof I aflix my signature.

SIGVALD fonANNEsson.

